To solve chipping of veneer porcelain in zirconia dental prosthesis it has been studied different cooling rates in firing schedules to control residual stresses generated by differences in thermal properties between the ceramics. However, cooling rates may affect the porcelain, irrespectively of interaction with zirconia. This study analyzed the effect of cooling rate on the three-point flexural strength (FS), residual stress, Vickers hardness (VH) and V-notch fracture toughness (SEVNB) on a feldspathic porcelain (Vita VM9) indicated for covering zirconia. Bar-shaped specimens were sintered according manufacturer's schedule firing and cooled at different rates (slow, normal or fast). Specimens were tested for FS (n=30), VH (n=15) and SEVNB tests (n=15). Weibull analysis were performed from FS values to measure reliability and probability of failure (PF). One-way ANOVA was significant for VH (p<0.001), and Tukey's test showed that slow cooling led to higher values. There was no significant difference for FS (p=0.654) and SEVNB (p=0.734). Fast cooling led to the lowest PF, but cooling rate factor was not significant for Weibull modulus. All cooling group showed residual tensile stress (MPa): Slow = 34.81; Normal = 27.04; Fast = 18,98. It was concluded that cooling rate produce minor changes in the porcelain properties.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar uma porcelana convencional e uma prensada indicadas para infraestrutura de zircônia em termos de resistência à flexão biaxial (RFB), tenacidade à fratura aparente (TF) e composição microestrutural, e investigar o efeito da taxa de resfriamento do ciclo de glaze na RFB de espécimes bicamada de zircônia/porcelana. Espécimes monocamada de porcelana convencional Vita VM9 e porcelana prensada Vita PM9 (n=15) (12 mm de diâmetro x 1,2 mm de espessura) foram preparados para o ensaio de RFB (MPa). Tenacidade à fratura aparente (MPa.m1/2) foi mensurada pela técnica da indentação (n=15). O teste de t-Student foi aplicado para as análises estatísticas. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios-X foram utilizadas para análise microestrutural da porcelana. Para o ensaio de RFB nos bicamadas, discos de zircônia (12 mm de diâmetro x 1 mm de espessura) (Vita In-Ceram YZ) foram recobertos com as duas porcelanas (1 mm de espessura). Após a simulação da queima de glaze, os espécimes foram submetidos ao método de resfriamento rápido ou lento (n=15). A tenacidade à fratura aparente (MPa.m1/2) foi mensurado na superfície da porcelana dos bicamadas (n=15) e o estresse residual foi calculado. Foi utilizado ANOVA a dois fatores (porcelana e método de resfriamento) para análise estatística dos espécimes bicamada (a=0,05). Monocamadas de Vita PM9 exibiram valores de resistência à flexão biaxial significativamente maiores (p<0,01), mas não houve diferença estatística (p=0,41) em relação à TF entre as porcelanas. Para os espécimes bicamada, ANOVA a dois fatores para RFB foi significante apenas para a variável porcelana (p<0,01), com superioridade para Vita PM9/zircônia. ANOVA a dois fatores para TF dos espécimes bicamadas não apresentou significância para nenhuma variável. Todos os grupos apresentaram estresse residual de compressão. Porcelanas prensadas parecem ser mecanicamente mais efetivas para recobrimento de zircônia.

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize a conventional and a pressed porcelain for zirconia core as to biaxial flexural strength (BFS), apparent fracture toughness (FT) and microstructure composition, and to investigate the effect of glaze cooling rate on the BFS of the zirconia/porcelain bilayers. Monolayers of conventional porcelain Vita VM9 and pressed porcelain Vita PM9 (n=15) (12 mm diameter x 1.2 mm thick) were prepared for the BFS test (MPa). Apparent fracture toughness (MPa.m1/2) was measured by indentation technique (n=15). t-Student test was performed for statistical analysis. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction were used to analyze the porcelain's microstructure. For the BFS of bilayers, zirconia discs (12 mm diameter x 1 mm thick) (Vita In-Ceram YZ) were veneered with the two porcelains (1 mm thick). After the glaze firing simulation, the specimens were submitted to fast or slow cooling (n=15). Apparent fracture toughness (MPa.m1/2) was measured on the porcelain surface of bilayers (n=15) and residual stress was calculated. Two-way ANOVA (porcelain and cooling method) was used for the bilayer analysis (a=0.05). Vita PM9 monolayer exhibited significantly higher BFS (p<0.01), but there was no significant difference (p=0.41) in the FT between the porcelains. For bilayer specimens, the two-way ANOVA for BFS was significant for the porcelain variable only (p<0.01) better for Vita PM9/zirconia. Two-way ANOVA for the FT for the bilayers was not significant for any variable. All groups showed compressive residual stresses. The pressed porcelain seems to be mechanically more effective for zirconia veneering.

ZrO2(Y2O3)-based ceramics are widely used as biomaterials due to high fracture toughness, resulting from the tetragonal-monoclinic phase transformation in which the ceramic is submitted during crack propagation. In this context, studies involving the possibility of optimization of the tetragonal phase are important for the properties improvement of this ceramic. This study investigated the recovery of tetragonal phase from a previously transformed ZrO2(3 mol% Y2O3) ceramic. Zirconia samples were sintered at 1450 °C, at 1530 °C - 2 h and at 1600 °C - 4 h, in order to obtain materials with distinct microstructural features. The sintered samples were characterized by relative density, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Samples sintered at 1450 °C, 1530 °C - 2 h and 1600 °C - 4 h, presented relative densities of 94.2, 99.6 and 99.7% with grains size averages of 0.28, 0.49 and 1.31 µm, respectively. All samples were submitted to milling to induce the tetragonal→monoclinic phase transformation presenting 5, 50 and 65 vol% of monoclinic phase. Subsequently, heat treatments between 400 °C and 1200 °C were conducted to retransform monoclinic in tetragonal phase. It has been found that the smaller the grain size after sintering, the lower the necessary annealing temperatures for fully recovering of tetragonal phase. Annealing temperatures of 950, 1100 and 1200 °C were sufficient to recover almost fully the tetragonal phase.

AIM: To investigate the effect of the cooling rate on flexural strength of monolayer and bilayer porcelain/zirconia (Y-TZP) bars.METHODS: Forty-five specimens were made for each design group: (PM) monolithic specimens of veneer porcelain Vita VM9 (Vita, Germany); (ZM) monolithic specimens of zirconia (ZiHP; ProtMat, Brazil); (PB) bilayer specimens zirconia/porcelain with porcelain on lower surface; and (ZB) bilayer specimens porcelain/zirconia with zirconia on lower surface. Each group was cooled by three different methods after porcelain sintering: slow specimens were cooled inside the turned-off furnace; normal specimens were removed from the furnace and cooled in air at room temperature; and fast specimens were removed from the furnace at 910°C and cooled by compressed air for 10 s. Specimens were polished and flexural strength was measured in water at 37 °C (n=15). Maximum load at fracture was recorded, and equations for simple (monolayer) and composite (bilayer) structures were used to calculate the flexural strength. RESULTS were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p<0.05) and Tukey test separately for each design.RESULTS: The results of one-way ANOVA were statistically significant only for the PB group. The post-hoc Tukey test showed the highest flexural strength for fast cooling and the lowest for slow cooling; the normal cooling was statistically similar to both.CONCLUSIONS: Cooling methods affected only the flexural strength of bilayer specimens with porcelain on low surface (under tension) when the slow cooling method was used.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of casting produced in an experimental short-term heating-cycle investment. Thus, reaction layer and castability of titanium casting using an experimental spinel-based investment (VR) with short heating cycle were compared with the commercial short-heating-cycle spinel-based investment Trinell (TR), the silica-phosphate-based investment Rematitan Plus (RP), and the conventional spinel-based investment Rematitan Ultra (RU). VR has polymeric fibers added to inorganic particles. Reaction layer assessments were carried out using Vickers hardness and elemental analysis using dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). Mesh patterns were used for castability test, and powder characterization was made by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hardness evaluation showed no difference among the investments between 100 and 200 µm. The most important contaminant element for VR, TR, and RU was oxygen. Higher levels of mold filling were found for TR, VR, and RU compared with that obtained with RP. The quality of castings, characterized by means of the assessments of reaction layer and castability, made from the VR was similar to the commercial investments TR and RU but superior to the RP.

This study analyzed the reaction layer and measured the marginal crown fit of cast titanium applied to different phosphate-bonded investments, prepared under the following conditions (liquid concentration/casting temperature): Rema Exakt (RE) - 100%/237°C, 75%/287°C, Castorit Super C (CS)-100%/70°C, 75%/141°C and Rematitan Plus (RP)- 100%/430°C (special to titanium cast, as the control group). The reaction layer was studied using the Vickers hardness test, and analyzed by two way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD tests (α = 0.05). Digital photographs were taken of the crowns seated on the die, the misfit was measured using an image analysis system and One-way ANOVA, and Tukey's test was applied (α = 0.05). The hardness decreased from the surface (601.17 VHN) to 150 μm (204.03 VHN). The group CS 75%/141°C presented higher hardness than the other groups, revealing higher surface contamination, but there were no differences among the groups at measurements deeper than 150 μm. The castings made with CS - 100%/70°C presented the lowest levels of marginal misfit, followed by RE -100%/237°C. The conventional investments CS (100%) and RE (100%) showed better marginal fit than RP, but the CS (75%) had higher surface contamination.

A investigação da eficácia de tratamentos de superfície que promovem uma forte resistência de união de cimentos resinosos aos metais pode contribuir significantemente para a longevidade das restaurações metalocerâmicas. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de tratamentos de superfície na resistência ao cisalhamento da união de um cimento resinoso ao titânio comercialmente puro (Ti cp). Noventa discos foram fundidos em Ti cp e divididos em 3 grupos (n=30), os quais receberam uma das seguintes condições de jateamento: (1) partículas de Al2O3 de 50 ?m; (2) partículas de Al2O3 modificadas por sílica de 30 ?m (Cojet Sand); (3) partículas de Al2O3 modificadas por sílica de 110 ?m (Rocatec). Para cada condição de jateamento, os seguintes tratamentos pós-jateamento foram utilizados (n=10): (1) nenhum; (2) adesivo Adper Single Bond 2; (3) silano RelyX Ceramic Primer. O cimento resinoso RelyX ARC foi aplicado à superfície do Ti cp. Todos os espécimes foram termociclados antes do ensaio de cisalhamento. O modo de fratura também foi determinado. A melhor associação foi o Rocatec mais silano. Todos os grupos apresentaram 100% de falha adesiva. Houve combinações que promoveram maior resistência ao cisalhamento da união que aquela recomendada pelo fabricante do RelyX ARC.

Investigation of the effectiveness of surface treatments that promote a strong bond strength of resin cements to metals can contribute significantly to the longevity of metal-ceramic restorations. This study evaluated the effect of surface treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a resin cement to commercially pure titanium (CP Ti). Ninety cast CP Ti discs were divided into 3 groups (n=30), which received one of the following airborne-particle abrasion conditions: (1) 50 ?m Al2O3 particles; (2) 30 ?m silica-modified Al2O3 particles (Cojet Sand); (3) 110 ?m silica-modified Al2O3 particles (Rocatec). For each airborne-particle abrasion condition, the following post-airborne-particle abrasion treatments were used (n=10): (1) none; (2) adhesive Adper Single Bond 2; (3) silane RelyX Ceramic Primer. RelyX ARC resin cement was bonded to CP Ti surfaces. All specimens were thermally cycled before being tested in shear mode. Failure mode was determined. The best association was Rocatec plus silane. All groups showed 100% adhesive failure. There were combinations that promote higher SBS than the protocol recommended by the manufacturer of RelyX ARC.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the cutting capacity of carbide burs sterilized with microwaves and traditional sterilization methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty burs were divided into 5 groups according to the sterilization methods: dry heat (G1), autoclave (G2), microwave irradiation (G3), glutaraldehyde (G4) or control - no sterilization (G5). The burs were used to cut glass plates in a cutting machine set for twelve 2.5-min periods and, after each period, they were sterilized (except G5) following the protocol established for each group. The cutting capacity of the burs was determined by a weight-loss method. Data were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test. RESULTS: The means of the cutting amount performed by each group after the 12 periods were G1 = 0.2167 ± 0.0627 g; G2 = 0.2077 ± 0.0231 g; G3 = 0.1980 ± 0.0326 g; G4 = 0.1203 ± 0.0459 g; G5 = 0.2642 ± 0.0359 g. There were statistically significant differences among the groups (p<0.05); only dry heat sterilization was similar to the control. CONCLUSION: Sterilization by dry heat was the method that least affected the cutting capacity of the carbide burs and microwave sterilization was not better than traditional sterilization methods.

This study examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the attachment of Streptococcus mutans and the corrosion of cast commercially pure titanium, used in dental dentures. The sample discs were cast in commercially pure titanium using the vacuum-pressure machine (Rematitan System). The surfaces of each metal were ground and polished with sandpaper (#300-4000) and alumina paste (0.3 µm). The roughness of the surface (Ra) was measured using the Surfcorder rugosimeter SE 1700. Four coupons were inserted separately into Falcon tubes contained Mueller Hinton broth inoculated with S. mutans ATCC 25175 (10(9) cuf) and incubated at 37 °C. The culture medium was changed every three days during a 365-day period, after which the falcons were prepared for observations by SEM. The mean Ra value of CP Ti was 0.1527 µm. After S. mutans biofilm removal, pits of corrosion were observed. Despite the low roughness, S. mutans attachment and biofilm formation was observed, which induced a surface corrosion of the cast pure titanium.

As the adaptation of titanium crowns obtained by Rematitan Plus investment, specific for titanium, is not recognized to be suitable, this study evaluated the effect of the concentration of the specific liquid and the temperature of the mold of investments on the internal misfit of crowns cast on commercially pure titanium. Individual dies of epoxy resin were obtained, representing teeth prepared for full-crown restoration with a 6-degree axial surface convergence angle and shoulder (1.0 mm). For the waxing of each crown, a ring-shaped stainless steel matrix (8.0mm internal diameter; 7.5 mm height) was adapted above the individual dies of epoxy resin. The Rematian Plus investment was mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions using two different concentrations of the specific liquid: 100%, 75%. Casting was performed in a Discovery Plasma Ar-arc vacuum-pressure casting machine with molds at temperatures of 430ºC, 515ºC and 600ºC. The crowns were cleaned individually in a solution (1% HF + 13% HNO3) for 10 min using a ultrasonic cleaner, with no internal adaptations, and luted with zinc phosphate cement under a 5 kg static load. The crown and die assemblies were embedded in resin and sectioned longitudinally. The area occupied by cement was observed using stereoscopic lens (10X) and measured by the Leica Qwin image analysis system (mm²). The data for each experimental condition (n=8) were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test (á=0.05). The results showed that liquid dilution and the increase in mold temperature did not significantly influence the levels of internal fit of the cast titanium crowns. The lowest means (±SD) of internal misfit were obtained for the 430ºC/100%: (7.25 mm² ±1.59) and 600ºC/100% (8.8 mm² ±2.25) groups, which presented statistically similar levels of internal misfit.

The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of the temperature of investment healting on the tensile strength and Vickers hardness of CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy casting. Were obtained for the tensile strength test dumbbell rods that were invested in the Rematitan Plus investment and casting in the Discovery machine cast. Thirty specimens were obtained, fiftten to the CP Titanium and fifteen to the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, five samples to each an of the three temperatures of investment: 430ºC (control group), 480ºC and 530ºC. The tensile test was measured by means of a universal testing machine, MTS model 810, at a strain of 1.0 mm/min. After the tensile strenght test the specimens were secctioned, embedded and polished to hardness measurements, using a Vickers tester, Micromet 2100. The means values to tensile tests to the temperatures 430ºC, 480 and 530: CP Ti (486.1 - 501.16 - 498.14 -mean 495.30 MPa) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy (961.33 - 958.26 - 1005.80 - mean 975.13 MPa) while for the Vickers hardness the values were (198.06, 197.85, 202.58 - mean 199.50) and (352.95, 339.36, 344.76 - mean 345.69), respectively. The values were submitted to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey,s Test that indicate differences significant only between the materials, but not between the temperature, for both the materias. It was conclued that increase of the temperature of investment its not chance the tensile strength and the Vickers hardness of the CP Titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de tratamentos térmicos na dureza Vickers do titânio comercialmente puro e da liga Ti-6Al-4V. Corpos-de-prova cilíndricos com 6 mm de diâmetro foram fundidos no sistema Rematitan. Os corpos-de-prova de titânio comercialmente puro e da liga Ti-6Al-4V foram divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos (n=10): controle (sem tratamento térmico); tratamento 1 (T1): aquecido a 750ºC por 2 h; tratamento 2 (T2): aquecido a 955ºC por 1 h e envelhecido a 620ºC por 2 h. Após os tratamentos térmicos, os corpos-de-prova foram incluídos em resina acrílica, a superfície foi regularizada e polida, e a dureza foi mensurada. As médias de dureza Vickers (VHN) e os desvios padrão foram analisados estatisticamente usando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com nível de significância a 5%. Para o titânio comercialmente puro, a média de dureza do grupo T2 (259,90 VHN) foi significativamente maior que os outros grupos (controle-200,26 VHN e T1-202,23 VHN) (p<0,05), que apresentaram valores médios similares (p>0,05). Para a liga Ti-6Al-4V, diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram observadas entre os três grupos: T2 (369,08 VHN), T1 (351,94 VHN) e controle (340,51 VHN) (p<0,05). Os resultados demonstraram diferente comportamento de dureza do titânio comercialmente puro e da liga Ti-6Al-4V quando diferentes tratamentos foram usados. Para o titânio comercialmente puro, a média de VHN grupo T2 foi consideravelmente maior que as médias dos grupos controle e T1, os quais demonstraram médias similares entre si. Para a liga Ti-6Al-4V, entretanto, a média de VHN registrada para cada grupo pode ser apresentada da seguinte maneira: T2>T1>controle.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatments on the Vickers hardness of commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V castalloys. Six-millimeter-diameter cylindrical specimens were cast in a Rematitan System. Commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy specimens were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=10) that received the following heat treatments: control (no heat treatment); treatment 1 (T1): heating at 750ºC for 2 h; and treatment 2 (T2): annealing at 955ºC for 1 h and aging at 620ºC for 2 h. After heat treatments, the specimens were embedded in acrylic resin and their surface was ground and polished and hardness was measured. Vickers hardness means (VHN) and standard deviations were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance level. For commercially pure titanium, Vickers hardness means of group T2 (259.90 VHN) was significantly higher than those of the other groups (control - 200.26 VHN and T1 - 202.23 VHN), which presented similar hardness means to each other (p>0.05). For Ti-6Al-4V alloy, statistically significant differences were observed among the three groups: T2 (369.08 VHN), T1 (351.94 VHN) and control (340.51 VHN) (p<0.05). The results demonstrated different hardness of CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V when different heat treatments were used. For CP Ti, VHN means of T2 group was remarkably higher than those of control and T1 group, which showed similar VHN means to each other. For Ti-6Al-4V alloy, however, VHN means recorded for each group may be presented as follows: T2>T1>control.

Em restaurações metálicas, a polimerização dos cimentos resinosos duais depende exclusivamente da ativação química. Há poucas pesquisas sobre o efeito da supressão da fotoativação na resistência desses cimentos. Este estudo avaliou a influência de métodos de ativação na resistência à tração diametral (RTD) de cimentos resinosos duais. Pastas base e catalisadora do Panavia F, Variolink II, Scotchbond Resin Cement, Rely X e Enforce foram espatuladas e inseridas em matrizes metálicas cilíndricas (4 x 2 mm). Os cimentos foram: 1) não fotoativados (ativação química = grupos quimicamente ativados) ou 2) fotoativados através de tira de poliéster (ativação química e foto = grupos duais) (n = 10). Após armazenamento por 24 horas em água destilada a 37ºC, os espécimes foram submetidos a forças de compressão. Um cimento resinoso de ativação química (Cement-It) e um de fosfato de zinco serviram como grupos controle. Foram feitas as seguintes comparações: 1) entre os métodos de ativação (grupos quimicamente ativados e grupos duais), para cada cimento resinoso dual, por meio do testet de Student; 2) entre os grupos quimicamente ativados dos cimentos resinosos duais e os grupos controle, empregando-se ANOVA e teste de Tukey (alfa = 0,05). Os grupos duais do Scotchbond Resin Cement (53,3 MPa), Variolink II (48,4 MPa) e Rely X (51,6 MPa) tiveram maior RTD do que os seus grupos quimicamente ativados (44,6; 40,4 e 44,5 MPa, respectivamente) (p < 0,05). Para o Enforce (48,5 e 47,8 MPa) e para o Panavia F (44,0 e 43,3 MPa), não houve diferença significativa entre os métodos de ativação (p > 0,05). Os grupos quimicamente ativados dos cimentos duais apresentaram RTD estatisticamente semelhante à do Cement-It (44,1 MPa) (p > 0,05), e maior que a do fosfato de zinco (4,2 MPa). Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II e Rely X dependeram da fotoativação para alcançar valores máximos de RTD. Na ausência de luz, todos os cimentos duais apresentaram maior RTD que a do fosfato de zinco, e RTD estatisticamente semelhante à do Cement-It (p > 0,05).

In metallic restorations, the polymerization of dual-curing resin cements depends exclusively on chemical activation. The effect of the lack of photoactivation on the strength of these cements has been rarely studied. This study evaluated the influence of activation modes on the diametral tensile strength (DTS) of dual-curing resin cements. Base and catalyst pastes of Panavia F, Variolink II, Scotchbond Resin Cement, Rely X and Enforce were mixed and inserted into cylindrical metal moulds (4 x 2 mm). Cements were either: 1) not exposed to light (chemical activation = self-cured groups) or 2) photoactivated through mylar strips (chemical and photo-activation = dual-cured groups) (n = 10). After a 24 h storage in 37ºC distilled water, specimens were subjected to compressive load in a testing machine. A self-curing resin cement (Cement-It) and a zinc phosphate cement served as controls. Comparative analyses were performed: 1) between the activation modes for each dual-curing resin cement, using Student’s t test; 2) among the self-cured groups of the dual-curing resin cements and the control groups, using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (alpha = 0.05). The dual-cured groups of Scotchbond Resin Cement (53.3 MPa), Variolink II (48.4 MPa) and Rely X (51.6 MPa) showed higher DTS than that of self-cured groups (44.6, 40.4 and 44.5 MPa respectively) (p < 0.05). For Enforce (48.5 and 47.8 MPa) and Panavia F (44.0 and 43.3 MPa), no significant difference was found between the activation modes (p > 0.05). The self-cured groups of all the dual-curing resin cements presented statistically the same DTS as that of Cement-It (44.1 MPa) (p > 0.05), and higher DTS than that of zinc phosphate (4.2 MPa). Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II and Rely X depended on photoactivation to achieve maximum DTS. In the absence of light, all the dual-curing resin cements presented higher DTS than that of zinc phosphate and statistically the same as that of Cement-It (p > 0.05).

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a resistência à compressão e o limite de fadiga compressiva de três resinas compostas indicadas para dentes posteriores (Filtek P-60, Surefil e Prodigy Condensable) e uma universal (Z-100). Corpos-de-prova cilíndricos (8 mm de altura x 4 mm de diâmetro) foram usados. O teste dinâmico foi realizado usando-se o método escada e a relação entre limite de fadiga compressiva, e resistência à compressão também foi calculada (n = 15). Os dados de resistência à compressão e de limite de fadiga compressiva foram submetidos à Anova e ao teste de Tukey. O compósito Z-100 apresentou maior resistência à compressão (307,20 MPa) que Surefil (266,93 MPa) e Prodigy Condensable (222,08 MPa). A resistência de Filtek P-60 (270,44 MPa) foi similar à de Z-100 e à de Surefil, enquanto Prodigy Condensable apresentou a menor resistência à compressão. No teste de limite de fadiga compressiva, Filtek P-60 mostrou maior valor (184,20 MPa) que Prodigy Condensable (155,50 MPa). Os compósitos Surefil (165,74 MPa) e Z-100 (161,22 MPa) mostraram-se similares a Filtek P-60 e Prodigy Condensable. A relação limite de fadiga compressiva/resistência à compressão foi de 70,01% para Prodigy Condensable, 68,11% para Filtek P-60, 62,09% para Surefil e 52,48% para Z-100. Foi concluído que o compósito universal Z-100 foi mais sensível ao teste dinâmico que os materiais de alta viscosidade.

The purpose of this study was to compare the compressive strengths and compressive fatigue limits of three posterior composite resins (Filtek P-60, Surefil and Prodigy Condensable) and a universal restorative composite (Z-100). Cylindrical specimens (8 mm in length x 4 mm in diameter) were used. The dynamic test was performed using the staircase method, and the ratio between compressive fatigue limit and compressive resistance was also calculated (n = 15). The compressive strength and compressive fatigue limit data were analyzed by Anova and Tukey’s test. The Z-100 composite demonstrated higher compression strength (307.20 MPa) than Surefil (266.93 MPa) and Prodigy Condensable (222.08 MPa). The resistance of Filtek P-60 (270.44 MPa) was similar to the resistances of Z-100 and Surefil, while Prodigy Condensable presented the lowest compressive strength. In the compressive fatigue limit tests, Filtek P-60 demonstrated a higher value (184.20 MPa) than Prodigy Condensable (155.50 MPa). Surefil (165.74 MPa) and Z-100 (161.22 MPa) presented limits similar to those of Filtek P-60 and Prodigy Condensable. The compressive fatigue limit/compressive strength ratio was 70.01% for Prodigy Condensable, 68.11% for Filtek P-60, 62.09% for Surefil and 52.48% for Z-100. It was concluded that the Z-100 universal composite was more sensitive to the dynamic test than the high viscosity materials.

Na cimentação de restaurações metálicas, a polimerização dos cimentos resinosos duais depende exclusivamente da ativação química. Este estudo avaliou a influência da ativação química, comparada à dupla ativação (química e pela luz), na dureza de 4 cimentos resinosos duais. Em ambiente isento de luz, quantidades iguais em massa das pastas base e catalisadora dos cimentos Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II, Enforce e Panavia F foram espatuladas e inseridas em matrizes com cavidade de 4 mm de diâmetro e 2 mm de altura. A seguir, os cimentos foram: 1) mantidos no escuro (ativação química = grupos quimicamente ativados) ou 2) fotopolimerizados (dupla ativação = grupos duais). A dureza Vickers foi obtida 1 hora, 24 horas e 7 dias após o início da espatulação dos cimentos. Em todos os cimentos, a dureza dos grupos quimicamente ativados foi menor que a dos respectivos grupos duais nos tempos de 1 hora e de 24 horas. Aos 7 dias, esse comportamento foi mantido pelo Variolink II e Panavia F, enquanto para o Scotchbond Resin Cement e para o Enforce não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois métodos de ativação. Todos os cimentos mostraram aumento significativo de dureza de 1 hora para 7 dias, em ambos os métodos de ativação. Dentre os grupos quimicamente ativados, o Scotchbond Resin Cement e o Variolink II mostraram, respectivamente, a maior e a menor dureza nos três tempos testados. Dentro dos limites deste estudo, até o período de 24 horas, a ativação exclusivamente química não foi capaz de promover dureza semelhante à obtida pela dupla ativação.

During the cementation of metallic restorations, the polymerization of dual-curing resin cements depends exclusively on chemical activation. This study evaluated the influence of chemical activation compared with dual-curing (chemical and light activation), on the hardness of four dual-curing resin cements. In a darkened environment, equal weight proportions of base and catalyst pastes of the cements Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II, Enforce and Panavia F were mixed and inserted into moulds with cavities of 4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height. Subsequently, the cements were: 1) not exposed to light (chemical activation = self-cured groups) or 2) photoactivated (dual-curing = dual-cured groups). The Vickers hardness number was measured at 1 hour, 24 hours and 7 days after the start time of cements' spatulation. For all the cements, the hardness values of self-cured groups were lower than those of the respective dual-cured groups at 1 hour and 24 hours. At 7 days, this behavior continued for Variolink II and Panavia F, whilst for Scotchbond Resin Cement and Enforce there was no statistical difference between the two activation modes. All cements showed a significant increase in their hardness values from 1 hour to 7 days for both activation modes. Of the self-cured groups, Scotchbond Resin Cement and Variolink II presented the highest and the lowest hardness values, respectively, for all three times tested. Within the limitations of this study, up to the time of 24 h, chemical activation alone was unable to promote similar hardness as to that obtained with dual-curing.